aapke hath ka phone, ghar ka frij, gadi, bank ka ATM: sabke andar chip hai. par kya aapne kabhi socha ki ye chipen aakhir banata kaun hai? kitni kampaniyan hain? ek mazedar baat pehle hi bata doon: jise ham “chip banane vali kampani” kahte hain, usmen teen alag tarah ki kampaniyan chhupi hain. yah farq samajh gae to poori duniya samajh aa jaegee.
kitab ki misal: lekhak, chhapakhana aur donon
ek kitab ke bare mein sochie. uske do kaam hote hain: likhna aur chhapna.
| kitab mein | chip ki duniya mein | nam | udahran |
|---|---|---|---|
| sirf lekhak | dizain banane vali (Fabless) | dizain banati hai, faiktari nahin | Qualcomm, MediaTek, Apple, AMD, Nvidia |
| sirf chhapakhana | banane vali (Foundry) | doosron ke dizain ki chip banati hai | TSMC, UMC, GlobalFoundries, SMIC |
| lekhak bhi, chhapakhana bhi | donon (IDM) | dizain bhi, nirman bhi | Intel, Samsung (donon kaam), Micron |
chhapakhanon ki duniya: kaun kitna bada?
bahar valon ke liye chip banane vali kampaniyon ka hal TrendForce ki riport ke anusar, aprail se joon 2026 ki timahi mein aisa raha (kamai arab dolar mein, bazar-hissa pratishat mein):
| nambar | kampani | desh | kamai (arab dolar) | hissa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | TSMC | taivan | lagbhag 40.2 | 72.5% |
| 2 | Samsung | dakshin koriya | lagbhag 3.3 | 5.9% |
| 3 | SMIC | cheen | lagbhag 3.0 | 5.4% |
| 4 | UMC | taivan | lagbhag 2.2 | 3.9% |
| 5 | GlobalFoundries | amerika | lagbhag 1.8 | 3.2% |
| 6 | HuaHong Group | cheen | lagbhag 1.3 | 2.3% |
| 7-10 | Tower, VIS, Nexchip, PSMC | izrail, taivan, cheen, taivan | har ek lagbhag 0.4-0.5 | har ek lagbhag 0.8% |
do baatein saf dikhti hain. pahli: TSMC akeli qareeb teen-chauthai hissa rakhti hai, yani das mein se sat chipen uski faiktari se niklati hain. doosri: baqi nau kampaniyan milakar bhi uske samne bahut chhoti hain. is soochi mein Intel nahin dikhta, kyonki vah zyadatar apni hi chipen banata hai. vah ab “18A” prakriya ke sath doosron ke liye bhi banane ki koshish mein hai.
sabse bareek chip kaun bana sakta hai?
“kitni kampaniyan chip banati hain?” ka javab do hisson mein hai. chip dizain karne vali saikdon hain. par sabse aadhunik, sabse bareek chip bana sakne vali bas mutthi bhar:
- TSMC (taivan): sabse aage. 2nm (N2) ki badi matra mein chipen 2025 ke ant mein shuroo.
- Samsung (dakshin koriya): 2nm (SF2), pehle apni Exynos 2600 ke lie.
- Intel (amerika): 18A prakriya (“1.8nm-varg”) 2025 ke ant men.
- Rapidus (japan): 2nm ki pareekshan-star ki chipon ki ghoshna.
- SMIC (cheen): apni kshamta badha rahi hai. uski prakriyaon ke bare mein riporten alag-alag milti hain, isliye taza jankari alag se dekhie.
ek qissa: jab grahak bhag gaya
kuchh saal pehle Qualcomm apni ek badi chip Samsung ki faiktari mein banva rahi thee. us peedhi par garm hone aur kam battery chalne ki shikayten khoob utheen. agli peedhi mein Qualcomm ne vahi chip TSMC ko de dee. yah batata hai ki “chhapakhana” kitna mayne rakhta hai: dizain vahi, par chhapne ki gunvatta se anubhav badal gaya.
dizain banane vale: kaun kiski chip banata hai?
| kampani | chip ka nam | tippani |
|---|---|---|
| Qualcomm | Snapdragon | zyadatar Android phone, oonche se kam budget tak |
| MediaTek | Dimensity, Helio | madhyam aur kam budget mein khoob, ab oonche mein bhi |
| Apple | A aur M seereez | sirf apne iPhone, iPad, Mac ke liye |
| Samsung | Exynos | apne kuchh fonon mein |
| Tensor | apne Pixel fonon mein | |
| HiSilicon (Huawei) | Kirin | Huawei ke fonon mein |
| Nvidia, AMD | GPU aur AI chipen | kampyootar aur AI ki duniya mein |
smriti (memori) chipen alag qissa hain
phone ki RAM aur storej vali chipen alag kampaniyan banati hain: Samsung, SK hynix (dakshin koriya), Micron (amerika) jaisee. ye “dimag vali” chipen nahin, “yaddasht vali” chipen hain.
ek sabse chhupa heero: ASML
in sab chhapakhanon ke peechhe ek aur kampani hai: ASML (needralaind). sabse bareek chip chhapne vali EUV masheenen mukhy roop se yahi banati hai. yani TSMC jaisi badi kampani bhi apni sabse bareek chipon ke liye is par nirbhar hai.
bharat kahan hai?
bharat mein chip banane ki taiyari shuroo hui hai. gujrat ke dholera mein Tata Electronics ka ek prastavit karkhana, aur sanand mein Micron ki chip jaanch-paiking ikai jaise prayason ki khabren aai hain. inki taza sthiti alag-alag samacharon mein dekhen. abhi hamare fonon mein lagne vali chipen zyadatar bahar se hi bankar aati hain.
iska aapke liye kya matlab?
- aapke phone ki chip ka “nam” (Snapdragon ya Dimensity) dizain kampani ka hai, par use banane vali kampani alag ho sakti hai.
- chip banane ka kaam kuchh hi jaghon par kendrit hai, isliye wahan ki koi bhi diqqat duniya bhar mein phone ki kami aur dam par asar dal sakti hai.
- jab kisi phone mein “3nm” ya “2nm” likha ho, to samajh leejie ki yah us “chhapakhane” ki prakriya ka nam hai, jaisa hamne nainomeetar vale lekh mein dekha.
chhote saval-javab
kya Qualcomm ki apni faiktari hai? naheen. vah chip banvati hai, zyadatar TSMC se, kabhi Samsung se.
kya koi chip bharat mein banti hai? poori tarah aadhunik phone-chip ke liye karkhane abhi taiyari ke daur mein hain.
sabse badi chip-kampani kaun? banane mein TSMC, aur dizain mein Qualcomm, MediaTek aur Apple jaise nam bade hain. kamai ke hisab se soochi saal-dar-saal badlati rahti hai.
aankade sarvajnik sroton (TrendForce, Wikipedia, kampaniyon ki ghoshnaen aur tek-samachar saiten) se hain, 5 navambar 2026 tak. nai ghoshnaon par nam aur aankade badal sakte hain. phone kharidne se pehle kampani ki site par asli spesifikeshan dekh len.