aap phone kharidne gae. samne likha tha: “4nm chip”, “3nm chip”, aur naya vala “2nm chip”. stor vale bhai ne kaha, “jitna chhota nambar, utna badhiya.” aapne sir hila diya. par man mein saval raha: yah nainomeetar aakhir hai kya? aur chhota hona achha kyon hai? aaie, ek kahani ki tarah samjhate hain. koi mushkil shabd nahin, vada.
pehle ek nap: nainomeetar kitna chhota hota hai?
ek meetar ke arbaven hisse ko nainomeetar (nm) kahte hain. itna chhota ki sochna bhi mushkil. isliye misalen dekhie:
- aapka ek bal lagbhag 80,000 se 1,00,000 nainomeetar mota hota hai.
- kagaz ki ek parat bhi lagbhag 1,00,000 nainomeetar moti hai.
- korona jaisa vayras lagbhag 100 nainomeetar ka hota hai.
- hamari DNA ki dori lagbhag 2 nainomeetar chaudi hai.
- aapka nakhoon ek sekand mein lagbhag 1 nainomeetar badhta hai. yani jitni der mein aapne yah vaky padha, nakhoon kuchh nainomeetar badh chuka.
chip ke andar kya rahta hai? ek shahar ki kahani
aapke phone ki chip nakhoon jitni hoti hai, par uske andar arbon tranzistar baithe hote hain. tranzistar kya hai? seedha-sa bijli ka svich. jaise deevar par balb ka batan: chaloo to 1, band to 0. yahi 1 aur 0 milkar aapki foto, veediyo, WhatsApp aur gem banate hain.
ab sochie chip ek shahar hai. tranzistar uske ghar hain. aur nainomeetar batata hai ki is shahar mein plot kitne chhote kate gae.
- bade plot (purana nambar): ek hi ilaqe mein kam ghar bante hain. sadken lambi, aane-jaane mein samay zyada, tel (bijli) zyada.
- chhote plot (naya nambar): utni hi jagah mein kai guna ghar bante hain. sadken chhoti, kaam tez, bijli kam, garmi kam.
yani plot chhote karne se teen fayde aam taur par milte hain: raftar badhti hai, bijli kam lagti hai aur phone kam garm hota hai. iseelie kampaniyan har saal plot aur chhote karne ki hod mein rahti hain.
purani kahani: jab nambar sachcha nap tha
1965 mein Gordon Moore nam ke injeeniyar ne ek baat dekhi: har kuchh saal mein chip mein tranzistar dogune ho jate hain. ise “Moore ka niyam” kaha gaya. shuroo ke dinon mein nambar sachmuch ek purze ki asli lambai batata tha (tranzistar ke “get” ki lambai). 180nm, 130nm, 90nm: ye asli nap the.
phir lagbhag 2010 ke bad tranzistar ki banavat badlee. vah sapat nahin raha, khada “pankh” (FinFET) jaisa ho gaya. tab se nam aur asli nap ka rishta toot gaya.
asli raz: aaj ka “nm” ek marketing nam hai
yah baat chaunkane vali hai, par sach hai. aaj “3nm” ya “2nm” kisi asli purze ki lambai nahin hai. chip banane vali kampaniyan ise nai peedhi ka nam mankar lagati hain, jaise model ka nam. Wikipedia bhi saf likhta hai ki yah nambar kisi asli bhautik nap se juda nahin hai.
ise aur saf dekhne ke liye ek asli tulna. ek varg mileemeetar mein kitne tranzistar samate hain (srot: Wikipedia):
| kampani aur prakriya | nam | prati varg mimi tranzistar (anumanit) |
|---|---|---|
| TSMC (N2) | 2nm | lagbhag 31.3 karod |
| Intel (18A) | “1.8nm-varg” | lagbhag 23.8 karod |
| Samsung (SF2) | 2nm | lagbhag 23.1 karod |
dekhie: nam mein do kampaniyon ka “2nm” hai, par ghanatv mein farq hai. yani nambar ek sanket hai, nap naheen.
to phir nambar kyon dekhein?
kyonki sanket bekar nahin hai. ek hi kampani ki chipon mein chhota nambar aam taur par nai peedhi, zyada ghanatv aur behtar bijli-bachat batata hai. bas itna yad rakhie ki yah akela paimana nahin hai. udahran:
- 4nm ki achhi banavat vali chip, 3nm ki kamzor banavat vali chip se behtar chal sakti hai.
- chip ka dizain (kitne kor, kaise kor), phone ki kooling aur softaveyar bhi utne hi mayne rakhte hain.
- ek hi chip do fonon mein alag chalti hai, kyonki phone kampani use alag tarah se tyoon karti hai.
itni chhoti cheez banti kaise hai?
iski kahani bhi kam mazedar naheen. chip ki shuruaat ret se hoti hai. ret se silikon niklata hai, use gol patli thali (vefar) banaya jata hai. phir us par roshni se naksha chhapa jata hai. is kaam ko lithografi kahte hain.
aaj ki sabse bareek chipon ke liye “EUV” nam ki masheenen lagti hain. aisi masheenen banane vali duniya mein mukhy roop se ek hi kampani hai: ASML (needralaind). ek machine ki keemat kai-kai sau karod rupye batai jati hai. misal ke liye samjhie: yah aisa hai jaise chaval ke ek dane par poora ramcharitmanas likh dena, aur vah bhi karodon chipon par ek jaisa.
navambar 2026 mein halat kya hai?
- TSMC (taivan): apni 2nm prakriya (N2) par badi matra mein chipen banana 2025 ki aakhiri timahi mein shuroo kar chuki hai.
- Samsung: apni 2nm prakriya (SF2) ki shuruaat 2025 mein ki, pehle apni Exynos 2600 chip ke lie.
- Intel: uski 18A prakriya (“1.8nm-varg”) 2025 ke ant mein badi matra mein chip banane ki sthiti mein pahunchee.
- Rapidus (japan): 2nm ki pareekshan-star ki chipen banane ki ghoshna ki hai.
- aapke budget vale zyadatar phone aaj bhi 4nm-varg ki chipon par chalte hain aur roz ke kaam ke liye ve kafi hain. sahi aankada phone kampani ki site par dekhie.
khareedar ke liye panch baatein
| kya dekhein | kyon |
|---|---|
| nm ka nambar | nai peedhi ka sanket. sirf isi par mat jaie. |
| chip ka nam aur shreni | Snapdragon 8 banam 6, ya Dimensity 9000 banam 7000. shreni asli taqat batati hai. |
| battery aur charjing | din bhar chalega ya nahin, yah chip ke sath battery par bhi nirbhar hai. |
| kooling aur asli sameeksha | gem khelne par phone garm hota hai ya nahin, iske liye sameeksha dekhie. |
| apdet | suraksha aur nae feechar kitne saal milenge. |
chhote saval-javab
kya 2nm vala phone hamesha 4nm vale se behtar hai? aam taur par behtar bijli-bachat ki ummeed rahti hai, par dizain, kooling aur softaveyar se asli anubhav tay hota hai.
kya nm aur chhota hoga? 1nm, 0.5nm? kampaniyan “aingstrom” (A14, A16 jaise) namon ki baat kar rahi hain, par nam ab nap nahin hain, isliye iska ant kahan hai kahna mushkil hai.
kya kam nm vala phone mehnga hota hai? aksar han, kyonki nai prakriya par chip banana mehnga padta hai.
aankade sarvajnik sroton (TrendForce, Wikipedia, kampaniyon ki ghoshnaen aur tek-samachar saiten) se hain, 5 navambar 2026 tak. nai ghoshnaon par nam aur aankade badal sakte hain. phone kharidne se pehle kampani ki site par asli spesifikeshan dekh len.